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Modern Autocrats and Money
To stay in power, modern autocrats need to be able to take money and hide it without being bothered by political institutions that encourage transparency, accountability, or public debate. The money, in turn, helps them shore up the instruments of repression.
Section: 1, Chapter: 4
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
The Five Main Types Of Conflict Between Countries
There are five primary ways that rival powers come into conflict:
- Trade wars - Conflicts over tariffs and trade restrictions
- Technology wars - Conflicts over access to key technologies
- Geopolitical wars - Conflicts over spheres of influence and alliances
- Capital wars - Conflicts over cross-border investment and financial flows
- Military wars - Direct armed conflict
While only military wars involve overt violence, all five types of conflict can be enormously destructive to wealth and human welfare. In the run-up to major military wars, countries often engage in the other four types of conflict first. Being alert to the severity of these conflicts is crucial to anticipating major power transitions.
Section: 1, Chapter: 6
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
How Autocratic Solidarity Shored Up The Maduro Regime
As Venezuela's crisis deepened under Maduro, the regime's salvation came from fellow autocracies:
- Russia provided bailouts, arms, and propaganda support. Rosneft took over PDVSA's defaulted assets.
- China offered billions in loans to help circumvent U.S. sanctions, in exchange for oil.
- Cuba sent security advisers to help contain unrest and track dissidents.
- Turkey facilitated illicit gold sales to generate revenue.
- Iran shipped gasoline and parts to restore Venezuela's collapsing refinery infrastructure.
This solidarity, based on shared authoritarianism rather than ideology, helped the unpopular Maduro cling to power despite Western pressure, hyperinflation, and chronic shortages.
Section: 1, Chapter: 2
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
The Broad Pattern Of Human History
"The continents with a long east-west axis (Eurasia) proved more favorable for the rise of agriculture, complex technology, and empires than did the continents with a long north-south axis (the Americas, Africa, Australia). Not that that orientation was the sole determinant of historical development; otherwise, the wheel would never have reached Mexico from Ecuador, and North Africa would have been a dynamo of innovation."
Section: 2, Chapter: 10
Book: Guns, Germs, and Steel
Author: Jared Diamond
How The Dutch Empire Rose To Preeminence
Chapter 9 traces the rise of the Dutch Empire in the 17th century:
- The Dutch successfully revolted against Spain in the 80 Years' War, asserting independence in 1581. This allowed them to create a more open, inventive society.
- The Dutch pioneered key innovations like joint-stock companies, stock markets, and central banking that provided fuel for commerce and expansion. The Dutch East India Company became the world's first mega-corporation.
- The Dutch had strong education, a culture emphasizing saving and hard work, and invested in their military to protect trade routes. Amsterdam became the world's financial center and the Dutch guilder emerged as the first reserve currency.
- At their peak around 1650, the Dutch had the highest incomes in Europe and dominated world trade.
Section: 2, Chapter: 9
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
Why We're Horrible At Detecting Terrorism
Silver argues that many of our counterterrorism efforts, like overzealous airport security, amount to "security theater" that fails to address the biggest risks. We have a bias toward stopping familiar threats, even as terrorists employ new tactics.
The TSA confiscates cigarette lighters while a terrorist could simply blow up the security line. We fear Muslims from certain countries while homegrown extremists plot undetected.
Based on a statistical analysis, Silver estimates a 3% chance of a 100,000+ fatality terror attack per decade, most likely from nuclear or biological weapons. Yet policymakers often focus more on foiling numerous small-scale conventional plots that cause less total harm.
Our brains weren't wired for such low-probability/high-impact events, so we struggle with the correct response. But we must honestly weigh the probabilities, however uncomfortable, and allocate our limited resources accordingly.
Section: 1, Chapter: 13
Book: The Signal and the Noise
Author: Nate Silver
The Gaps Between Russia's Democratic Rhetoric And Autocratic Reality
In his first years as president, Putin paid lip service to democracy, declaring in speeches that only a democratic state could balance interests and ensure rule of law, free elections and human rights in Russia.
In practice, he constructed a Potemkin democracy designed to fool foreigners while allowing him to monopolize power. Elections featured no real competition. The market operated only within Kremlin-set limits. Putin could destroy any company that crossed him, as the expropriation of Yukos by state-owned Rosneft showed. Yet Rosneft still attracted major Western investment, showing the willful blindness of those who profited from the charade.
Section: 1, Chapter: 1
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
Wealth And Power Are Gained By Producing More Than You Consume
For countries and individuals, wealth and power accumulate when production exceeds consumption. Being able to produce more valuable goods and services than you consume is what allows you to save and invest for the future. Likewise, great empires and economies emerge when they are highly productive in creating things the world wants.
The most powerful countries have the economic output and trade surpluses to finance strong militaries and global influence. When countries turn to over-consumption and under-production, running chronic deficits, it inevitably leads to a decline in relative wealth and power. Investors must watch whether countries are living within their means or borrowing excessively from the future.
Section: 1, Chapter: 6
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
The Vulnerabilities Of The British Empire
Despite Britain's dominance by the late 1800s, key weaknesses started to emerge that would contribute to its decline in the early 20th century:
- The US and Germany started to catch up to and even surpass Britain in industrial output and technological capabilities. Britain started to lose its economic edge.
- Inequality skyrocketed in Britain, with the top 1% owning over 70% of national wealth by 1900. This fueled social and political unrest and the rise of new ideologies like socialism.
- Britain faced challenges from rival powers to its colonial holdings and dominance of global trade. Geopolitical tensions escalated, especially with Germany, leading to a naval arms race.
- These stresses came to a head with World War I from 1914-1918, which devastated Britain financially and in human costs, planting the seeds for its imperial decline.
Section: 2, Chapter: 10
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
External Order Is Driven By Raw Power Dynamics
The external order between countries is fundamentally different from internal order within countries. Internationally, there are no reliable mechanisms to adjudicate disputes or enforce agreements. Countries ultimately pursue their interests through raw power - economic, financial, and military.
When one country becomes dominant, it can impose its preferred external order on others. But this order lasts only as long as that country remains dominant. When a rival country becomes powerful enough to challenge the dominant one, and has incompatible interests, it leads to a struggle that reshapes the external order. This is how the British external order of the 19th century gave way to the American order of the 20th century.
Section: 1, Chapter: 6
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
Why All Empires Decline - And The Mounting Risks To The US
Dalio examines the common factors behind the decline of dominant powers, with troubling signs for the US today:
- Societies tend to become more divided as the costs of maintaining an overstretched empire grow and inequality rises. The US faces deep internal conflicts, political dysfunction, and polarization.
- Leading empires lose their economic edge as rivals catch up. US manufacturing has eroded and it faces economic competition from other powers, especially China.
- The huge costs of foreign wars and growing debt burdens eventually undermine the empire's finances. US federal debt has exploded and it has become reliant on global demand for the dollar.
- Many great powers throughout history found themselves in relative decline around 100-150 years after their peak, from the Romans to the British. That lines up with where the US stands today.
Section: 2, Chapter: 11
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
Eight Key Determinants Of Wealth and Power
The author found eight key determinants that explain the rises and declines of countries' wealth and power:
- Education
- Competitiveness
- Innovation and technology
- Economic output
- Share of world trade
- Military strength
- Financial center strength
- Reserve currency status
These factors are mutually reinforcing. For example, better education leads to more innovation, higher economic output, stronger trade and military, and the establishment of the currency as a reserve currency.
Section: 1, Chapter: 1
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
Taiwan's Strategic Shift: From Assembly to Innovation
The 1990s marked a turning point for Taiwan's role in the semiconductor industry. Recognizing the limitations of being primarily an assembly hub, Taiwan's leaders, particularly K.T. Li, sought to move towards higher-value chip fabrication. This strategic shift was driven by several factors, including the need to stay ahead of China's growing manufacturing capabilities and the desire to capture a larger share of the industry's profits. The establishment of TSMC, spearheaded by Morris Chang, was central to this vision. TSMC's innovative foundry model, which focused solely on manufacturing chips designed by other companies, revolutionized the industry and propelled Taiwan to the forefront of advanced chip production.
Section: 5, Chapter: 29
Book: Chip War
Author: Chris Miller
The Dangerous Economic And Financial Dimensions Of US-China Competition
The US has weaponized the dollar's global primacy to restrict China's access to the international financial system. This has incentivized China to develop alternative payment channels and make its own currency more internationally accessible. China holds over $1 trillion in US Treasury debt, which some fear it could dump in a crisis. This would be highly disruptive to global markets.
More broadly, the US-China trade war and moves toward "decoupling" disrupt the intricate supply chains that have fueled global prosperity. Businesses face pressure to relocate out of China. A world split into rival economic blocs would be less efficient and dynamic. A key question is whether China can reduce its dependence on Western technologies in critical areas like semiconductors. The risk is a destabilizing race for technological superiority with military applications.
Section: 2, Chapter: 13
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
The Vital Lessons Of The Last 500 Years
Chapter 8 provides a high-level overview of the key events and patterns in world history over the last 500 years. Some key points:
- In 1500, the world was very different - countries as we know them didn't exist, the world seemed much larger, religions and religious leaders were more powerful, and the world was less egalitarian.
- Major empires from 1500-1800 included the Habsburg dynasty in Europe, the Ming dynasty in China, the Mughal Empire in India, and the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East.
- Key events shaping the world included the Commercial Revolution starting in the 1100s, the Renaissance in the 1300s-1600s, the Age of Exploration starting in the 1400s, the Reformation in the 1500s, and the 30 Years' War followed by a new world order in 1648.
Section: 2, Chapter: 8
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
The Slow Decline Of The Dutch And Rise Of The British
The second half of Chapter 9 examines the gradual weakening of the Dutch Empire and the emergence of Britain as the leading power by the late 18th century:
- The Dutch became very wealthy but started to lose their competitive edge and get drawn into more military conflicts to defend their empire. Economic growth slowed.
- The British gained economic power, especially after launching the Industrial Revolution in manufacturing in the late 1700s. London surpassed Amsterdam as the leading financial center.
- The Dutch fought several Anglo-Dutch Wars in the late 17th century over trade and colonial interests. The British defeated the Dutch in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in the 1780s, leading to a financial crisis and the fall of the Dutch guilder as the top reserve currency.
- The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars engulfed Europe in the early 19th century. The British ultimately defeated Napoleon, emerging as the clear leading empire.
Section: 2, Chapter: 9
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
What History Can (And Can't) Tell Us About The Future
Dalio cautions that even the most sophisticated forecasting has limitations. Some key principles for thinking about the future:
- It's critical to consider a wide range of possibilities and scenarios. Focus especially on the "tail risks" - low-probability, high-impact events.
- Diversification is essential. As with investing, you want a mix of bets so that you're not wiped out if any one of them goes badly wrong.
- Pay more attention to trends and trajectories than to absolute levels. The rate of change is usually more important than the current state. The US is still very powerful but its relative position is declining.
- History can be a great guide to what's possible, even if the details are impossible to predict.
Section: 3, Chapter: 14
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
The Orientation Of Continents' Major Axes
The major axes of the continents vary:
- The Americas are longest from north to south (9,000 miles vs only 3,000 miles east to west)
- Africa is also longer from north to south than from east to west
- Eurasia's major axis is east-west
These differences proved highly consequential. In general, it's easier for crops, livestock, knowledge and technologies to spread along the same latitude (east-west) than between different latitudes (north-south). That's because locations at the same latitude tend to have similar day lengths, seasons, and climates, suiting them for the same agricultural package.
Section: 2, Chapter: 10
Book: Guns, Germs, and Steel
Author: Jared Diamond
The Globalization Of Proxy Warfare And Mercenary Entrepreneurs
The war in Syria incubated new models of deniable force projection by Russia, Iran and others, through proxies and private military companies (PMCs):
- Russia's Wagner Group, a deniable cutout for Russian military and intelligence, debuted covert combat capabilities
- Iran deployed Shiite militias like Hezbollah alongside "advisers" to augment Assad's forces
- Both exploited mercenary units' potential as business ventures, granting them access to oil and mineral rights
Proxy warfare's semi-corporate innovations make military meddling harder than ever to police.
Section: 1, Chapter: 4
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
The Rise Of The American Empire After World War II
Chapter 11 explains how the US displaced Britain as the dominant global power in the 20th century, especially after 1945:
- The US emerged from World War II with the world's largest economy and as the clear military leader. It shaped the post-war global order through new institutions like the UN, IMF, and World Bank.
- The dollar displaced the British pound as the top reserve currency under the Bretton Woods monetary system. New York became the world's leading financial center.
- The US promoted a system of free trade, foreign aid, and military alliances to counter the Soviet Union in the Cold War. US-backed organizations like NATO cemented American leadership of the "free world."
- Domestically, the US middle class prospered in the post-war boom. But inequality started to rise again by the late 20th century, as globalization and technology brought economic disruption.
Section: 2, Chapter: 11
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
The Turbulent Modern History Of China
Dalioprovides an overview of China's modern history, a period marked by foreign subjugation, revolution, and eventual resurgence:
- In the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty went into severe decline as the British and other Western powers established spheres of influence in China. The "Century of Humiliation" saw China lose control over vast swathes of territory.
- The 20th century brought political upheaval, with the fall of the Qing, years of civil war, and the eventual victory of Mao Zedong's Communists in 1949. Mao consolidated power but his radical policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution caused immense suffering.
- After Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping launched China on a path of economic reform and opening up. Through careful management and experimentation, China achieved rapid growth and development over the 1980s-2000s.
- In the 21st century, China has emerged as a major global power, with the world's second-largest economy and an increasingly assertive foreign policy under President Xi Jinping. But it faces challenges like high debt levels, inequality, and strategic rivalry with the US.
Section: 2, Chapter: 12
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
The Opportunities And Dangers Of The Next 10 Years
Continued rapid technological progress will bring immense benefits but also risks in the 2020s. Artificial intelligence could be as disruptive as the Industrial Revolution, while automation could displace workers faster than new jobs appear. The next decade is also likely to see at least one major global economic crisis, based on historical patterns. The huge debt loads in the US and China make them vulnerable. Dalio expects more money-printing by central banks, which risks currency debasement.
Geopolitically, the US and China will remain the two dominant powers, even as their relationship grows more contentious. Outright military conflict is unlikely but a "Cold War"-style standoff is a real possibility. Other powers like Russia and India will jockey for advantage. At the same time, global problems like climate change and pandemics will require more international cooperation, even as such cooperation becomes harder due to geopolitical competition. The ultimate trajectory, Dalio argues, depends on the quality of leadership in the key countries.
Section: 3, Chapter: 14
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
Espionage and the Quest for Chip Dominance
The Soviet Union's pursuit of semiconductor dominance extended beyond building its own "Silicon Valley" and involved extensive espionage efforts. The KGB's Directorate T was specifically tasked with acquiring Western technology, and Soviet spies actively sought to steal chip designs and manufacturing equipment. While they achieved some successes, such as obtaining a Texas Instruments integrated circuit and replicating American microprocessors, the "copy it" strategy ultimately proved ineffective. The rapid pace of innovation in the semiconductor industry meant that stolen designs quickly became outdated, and the lack of understanding of the intricate manufacturing processes limited the Soviets' ability to produce high-quality chips at scale.
Section: 2, Chapter: 8
Book: Chip War
Author: Chris Miller
Autocracy, Inc.'s Joined-Up Global Assault On Democracy
Modern autocrats grasp that their survival depends on weakening democracy as an idea and political model everywhere, not just in their own realms. Toward that end:
- Russia works across military, energy, cyber and information domains to destabilize Europe and commandeer its political debate
- China locks in influence over global media narratives and industrial assets while co-opting UN leadership posts
- Regional powers like Iran and Venezuela build sanctions-busting networks of trade and technology while aiding each other's repression
Autocrats increasingly coordinate and learn from each other's tools and tactics. Any victories against pro-democracy forces reverberate to embolden the autocratic bloc as a whole.
Section: 1, Chapter: 5
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
Venezuela's Slide Into Kleptocracy Under Hugo Chávez
When former coup leader Hugo Chávez was elected Venezuela's president in 1998, he vowed to replace the corrupt old elite. But when his chief of police first presented evidence of graft by Chávez allies, the president fired the whistleblower.
The incident taught officials that loyalty would be rewarded with impunity to steal. Over time, Venezuela's Bolivarian socialist system enabled massive embezzlement, siphoning billions from the state oil company PDVSA into foreign accounts. Currency manipulation spawned a "boligarchy" of regime cronies who exploited distorted exchange rates. As in Russia, corruption metastasized from an aberration into the regime's operating system.
Section: 1, Chapter: 2
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
The Ghosts of Geography
"Geography, it is sometimes said, is destiny. That's hyperbole, a statement that erases humans as authors of their own histories. But geography does provide the folio within which we write, as our lives are shaped and diverted by the physical environment."
Section: 1, Chapter: 8
Book: Fluke
Author: Brian Klaas
The Limits Of Carbon Mitigation
Levitt and Dubner are skeptical that carbon mitigation alone can slow global warming. They argue:
- Current technologies like wind/solar are too expensive and limited to replace fossil fuels
- Developing countries like China and India will keep burning coal to fuel growth
- Even aggressive carbon cuts will have modest impact due to CO2's long atmospheric life
The authors compare carbon mitigation to "bringing a garden hose to a fight against a forest fire." They believe more aggressive solutions will be needed alongside emission reductions to meaningfully move the needle. While not discounting the value of conservation, Levitt and Dubner argue it is not a complete solution.
Section: 1, Chapter: 5
Book: Super Freakonomics
Author: Steven D. Levitt , Stephen J. Dubner
The Anatomy Of Modern Autocratic Smear Campaigns
Compared to 20th century total censorship and mass violence, 21st century autocrats calibrate subtler ways to tarnish and intimidate critics, combining:
- Malign prosecution and stripped credentials to legally sideline opponents
- Manufactured scandals spread online to mar reputations
- Conspiracy theories alleging hidden foreign backing to undermine legitimacy
- Troll and bot armies that drown out or distort opposition messages
- Blackmail and threats to turn even family and friends into liabilities
The public, disillusioned, is left seeing honest brokers as no better than the ruling cabal.
Section: 1, Chapter: 5
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
No Empire Lasts Forever
“No system of government, no economic system, no currency, and no empire lasts forever, yet almost everyone is surprised and ruined when they fail.”
Section: 1, Chapter: 1
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
The Autocratic Assault On The Language Of Human Rights
Autocracies are systematically working to purge the world's guiding institutions of references to human rights and democracy. Their replacement vocabulary:
- "Right to development" - a metrics for well-being defined by states, not universal principles
- "Sovereignty" - code for governments' impunity within their borders
- "Win-win cooperation" - mutual agreement not to criticize each other's political systems
- "Mutual respect" - non-interference in others' "internal affairs"
Section: 1, Chapter: 4
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
The Staggering Scale Of Venezuelan Kleptocratic Extraction
The scale of graft under Chávez and successor Nicolás Maduro is astounding:
- Of $1.2 trillion in oil revenues during the Chávez era, as much as $300 billion was reportedly stolen
- Transparency International documented over 125 cases of corruption at PDVSA, with 17 exceeding $1 billion each
- Investigations from Andorra to Switzerland revealed billions in accounts linked to Venezuelan officials
- U.S. authorities charged Venezuelan elites with laundering billions through American banks and real estate
This kleptocratic extraction helped tank Venezuela's economy, sparking humanitarian catastrophe and mass exodus. But high oil prices and lingering sympathy for Chávez's socialist rhetoric abroad helped delay international reckoning.
Section: 1, Chapter: 2
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
Autocracies Are Run by Sophisticated Networks
"Nowadays, autocracies are run not by one bad guy but by sophisticated networks relying on kleptocratic financial structures, a complex of security services---military, paramilitary, police---and technological experts who provide surveillance, propaganda, and disinformation."
Section: 1, Chapter: 1
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
Applying Historical Patterns To Understand The US-China Rivalry
Dalio offers several key lessons from history that can help us make sense of the current US-China competition:
- Dominant powers tend to last around 200-300 years, suggesting the US is now in a phase of relative decline while China is ascendant.
- When a rising power threatens to displace a ruling one, war is a common outcome (the "Thucydides Trap"). But nuclear weapons make direct military confrontation unimaginably destructive, so economic and technological competition is likely to be the main battlefield.
- Domestic challenges like inequality and political division are as big a threat to the US as foreign rivals. In fact, internal decay is usually what does dominant powers in. Dalio suggests that the odds of an outright US civil war in the coming decade, while still low, are rising to a worryingly high level.
- Our current moment is as a "changing world order" akin to the 1930s-40s. A key priority for the US is getting its own house in order so that it can manage its rivalry with China from a position of domestic strength and resilience.
Section: 2, Chapter: 13
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
How "Sovereign" Impunity Breeds Brazen Transnational Repression
Autocratic regimes are increasingly reaching across borders to intimidate, abduct, or assassinate dissidents with impunity, flouting international law:
- Russia has poisoned defectors in Britain and shot exiles in Germany
- Iran has kidnapped journalists from Iraq and plotted hits on U.S. soil
- Saudi Arabia murdered Jamal Khashoggi in Turkey and abducted a prince from France
- Rwanda has strangled opponents in Belgium and shot them in South Africa
Emboldened autocrats now barely bother to hide such crimes, calculating that Western law enforcement can't or won't retaliate. Lack of accountability only encourages escalation.
Section: 1, Chapter: 4
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
Human Space-Time Contingency - Oil Wealth and Power
The concept of human space-time contingency highlights how the impact of geographical factors on human societies varies dramatically based on the specific social and technological context. Saudi Arabia provides a prime example:
- Oil deposits formed in the region 160 million years ago, but were only discovered in 1938.
- At that time, Saudi Arabia was among the poorest countries, with limited use of modern technology.
- The internal combustion engine and 20th-century industrialization abruptly made these oil reserves immensely valuable.
- Within a few decades, Saudi Arabia became one of the richest and most powerful nations.
This rapid reversal of fortunes wasn't determined solely by geography or human factors, but by their interaction at a specific juncture.
Section: 1, Chapter: 8
Book: Fluke
Author: Brian Klaas
Five Global Risks We Should Worry About Based On Data, Not Fear
While Rosling urges us not to be ruled by irrational fears, he outlines five legitimate global risks we should focus on based on data rather than fear or media attention:
- Global pandemic - A serious worldwide flu outbreak could kill millions as in 1918
- Financial collapse - A major global financial crash could lead to a deep worldwide recession
- World War III - A war between superpowers would be catastrophic and must be avoided at all costs
- Climate change - Continued greenhouse gas emissions will lead to disastrous global warming
- Extreme poverty - Still traps 800 million in misery; solving it enables solving other risks
Section: 1, Chapter: 4
Book: Factfulness
Author: Hans Rosling
Huawei's Rise: A Strategic Challenge
Huawei, a Chinese telecom giant, has emerged as a major player in the global tech industry, offering advanced telecom equipment, smartphones, and other tech infrastructure. The company's success, built on a combination of R&D investment, efficient manufacturing, and government support, has raised concerns in the U.S. and other countries, as it is seen as a strategic challenge to American technological leadership and a potential security risk.
Section: 7, Chapter: 46
Book: Chip War
Author: Chris Miller
The Insidious Spread Of "Multipolarity" And Its Discontents
Russia has made "multipolarity" its byword for a desired global order without the moral straitjacket of U.S. hegemony and liberal democratic norms, resonating with sovereignty-obsessed autocrats and post-colonial states.
In practice, Russian "multipolarity" has meant:
- Invading Ukraine and annexing territory by force
- Backing coup leaders and mercenary-linked warlords in Africa
- Courting illiberal nationalists and far-right extremists in Europe and the Americas
Its practical agenda is to free autocrats from external restraints or accountability to their citizens.
Section: 1, Chapter: 4
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
Xinjiang As Cutting-Edge Laboratory For Digital Authoritarianism
After ethnic unrest in 2009, the Chinese state turned its Xinjiang region into an incubator for next-generation controls to pacify restive minorities like the Uighurs:
Such "safe city" systems, hooked into China's "social credit" schemes, could allow the state to identify and preempt dissent. The playbook is already spreading to Chinese-supplied surveillance states worldwide.
Section: 1, Chapter: 3
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
The Critical Drivers Of A Nation's Health And Competitive Position
Dalio lays out the key factors he uses to assess a country's current and future strength:
- Inventiveness and innovation: The ability to develop new technologies and ways of doing things. Currently led by the US and China.
- Human capital and education: Both quantity and quality matter. China is producing vastly more STEM graduates.
- Competitiveness: Relative cost efficiency. China has the edge.
- Infrastructure and investment: China far outpaces the US in infrastructure spending.
- Rule of law and corruption: The US and Europe outrank China but this could shift.
- Debt and financial stability: The US benefits from issuing the world's reserve currency but is heavily indebted. China faces a debt overhang from its investment boom.
Section: 3, Chapter: 14
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
How Autocratic Corruption Corrodes Democracy In "Bridging" States
Certain states play an oversized role as nodes in the infrastructure of global kleptocracy:
- "Bridging states" like the UAE or Turkey have legal systems compatible with global finance but also lax regulation that attracts illicit wealth. They help kleptocrats spend and store their gains.
- Offshore "financial secrecy" and "tax haven" jurisdictions extend into putatively well-regulated democracies like the UK and US thanks to anonymous shell companies and trusts.
- Weak-governance states on the periphery of the democratic world, like Kyrgyzstan or Serbia, serve as transshipment points for autocratic commerce, e.g. helping Russian exporters circumvent sanctions.
The influx of authoritarian capital can spark a vicious cycle, empowering local elites to erode democratic safeguards, ensnaring whole societies in cross-border corruption networks centered on major autocratic powers.
Section: 1, Chapter: 2
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum
A New Era Of US-China Rivalry
Dalio explores the evolving relationship between the US and China, which has moved from cooperation to confrontation in recent years. The US and China developed a close economic relationship in the 1980s-2000s, with the US providing a market for cheap Chinese exports while China recycled its surpluses into US debt securities. But many in the US saw this as unfair.
Under Xi Jinping, China has become more assertive in challenging the US-led global order. US leaders have identified China as the top threat to American primacy. A bipartisan consensus has emerged in favor of "getting tough" with Beijing.
The two powers are now engaged in a multi-front struggle encompassing trade, technology, finance, and geopolitics. The US has imposed tariffs on China, sanctioned Chinese tech champions, and sought to limit China's access to the dollar system. China has responded with its own restrictions. Taiwan remains the most dangerous flashpoint, as China views the island as a core interest while the US maintains a policy of "strategic ambiguity" over whether it would defend Taiwan militarily.
Section: 2, Chapter: 13
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
Britain's Rise To Global Dominance In The 19th Century
Chapter 10 details how Britain became the unrivaled global superpower in the 1800s after defeating Napoleon and establishing a new European order in 1815:
- Britain underwent a dramatic economic and social transformation with the Industrial Revolution, leading the world in manufacturing and technological innovation. British living standards and trade volumes soared.
- The British Empire expanded around the world, establishing colonies and spheres of influence across Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The empire secured access to raw materials and markets.
- London became the undisputed global financial center and the pound sterling emerged as the world's reserve currency. Britain attracted huge capital inflows and foreign investment.
- By the late 19th century, Britain accounted for 20% of world GDP, 40% of manufactured exports, and ruled over 25% of the world's population and territory. The "Pax Britannica" represented the peak of Britain's imperial power.
Section: 2, Chapter: 10
Book: Principles For Dealing With the Changing World Order
Author: Ray Dalio
China's Multi-Layered System Of Internet Control
Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, the Chinese Communist Party sought to eliminate the democratic "spiritual pollution" that spurred protesters. As the internet emerged, it constructed a pervasive system of online controls far exceeding a mere "Great Firewall":
- Social media is engineered for built-in surveillance
- Vague laws criminalize posting anything "endangering national security" or "detrimental to the honor and interests of the state"
The goal is to guide mass online discussion, marginalize dissent, and squelch organizing - a model gaining traction among autocracies worldwide.
Section: 1, Chapter: 3
Book: Autocracy, Inc
Author: Anne Applebaum